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[249] The EU-27 unemployment rate was 10.3% in 2012. [66] Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages". Routledge, p. 335. Until 1990, the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg's prescription. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler in power of what became Nazi Germany.[180][181]. There are six patron saints of Europe venerated in Roman Catholicism, five of them so declared by Pope John Paul II between 1980 and 1999: Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saint Bridget of Sweden, Catherine of Siena and Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein). ), Dublin:Four Courts Press. The term "continent" usually implies the physical geography of a large land mass completely or almost completely surrounded by water at its borders. [169] Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations, and many other nations had their borders redrawn. [275], Christianity, including the Roman Catholic Church,[276][277] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilisation since at least the 4th century,[278][279][280][281] and for at least a millennium and a half, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, even though the religion was inherited from the Middle East. [259] In 2008, 696,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU27 member state, a decrease from 707,000 the previous year. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia). Der 19. Vertrag von Nizza. [25] It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. The opening of the Iron Curtain at the Pan-European Picnic then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which the Eastern bloc, the Warsaw Pact and communism collapsed and the Cold War ended. [200][201][202] Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water, while Russia and Kazakhstan are only partly divided by waterways. There exists a political movement favoring the evolution of the European Union into a single federation encompassing much of the continent. The annual budget deficit (expenses over revenues) was 3.4% GDP in 2014, much improved versus the 15% of 2009. Svalbard is also included due to its unique status within Norway, although it is not autonomous. [153] This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK. As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over $32.7 trillion compared to North America's $27.1 trillion in 2008. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states and some non-members states. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. [170] Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million. The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe respectively. ... • Größere Auswahl und stabilere Preise für Verbraucher • Engere wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen EU-Ländern Der Euro wird im gesamten Euroraum verwendet. The Umayyads were then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, which ended their northward advance. Tudor Cornwall: portrait of a society. Euro (davon Deutschland 15,17 Mrd. December 2018; Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. More recently, the Eurasian Economic Union has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia. [12][13] The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of Europe's ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. In addition, there is new impetus from the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative across the Suez Canal towards Africa and Asia. The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. (Michael Adams, Trans. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLewisWigen1997 (. The origins of many of the world's most popular sports today lie in the codification of many traditional games, especially in Great Britain. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states and some non-members states. [203] This made old previously interrupted cultural and economic relationships possible and previously isolated cities such as Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest and Trieste were now again in the center of Europe. The precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. To the south, the Kuma–Manych Depression was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, Peter Simon Pallas, as a valley that once connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,[39][40] and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. The exception is Benedict of Nursia, who had already been declared "Patron Saint of all Europe" by Pope Paul VI in 1964. The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc. [271], "Europe" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire and its cultures. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. Europe has about 225 indigenous languages,[268] mostly falling within three Indo-European language groups: the Romance languages, derived from the Latin of the Roman Empire; the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the Slavic languages. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BCE gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BCE, the year the first Olympic Games.[58]. Von 2000 bis 2003 standen als Heranführungshilfen für die zehn beitrittswilligen mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder jährlich 3,12 Mrd. The Berlin blockade in 1948 and 1949 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 were one of the great international crises of the Cold War. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. [52] It spread from the Balkans along the valleys of the Danube and the Rhine (Linear Pottery culture) and along the Mediterranean coast (Cardial culture). In the remote regions of north-western Iberia and the middle Pyrenees the power of the Muslims in the south was scarcely felt. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. [166] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. [262], Early modern emigration from Europe began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century,[263][264] and French and English settlers in the 17th century. The richer states tend to be in the West; some of the Central and Eastern European economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Yugoslav nationalist[165] Gavrilo Princip. Loss of Greek access to global capital markets and the collapse of its banking system. [252] The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520, and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms, which divided German princes between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. [231], The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. [163] Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. [217] Slavic languages are mostly spoken in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. [164], Two world wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century. Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilisation, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year of Aveiro is 16 °C (61 °F), while it is only 13 °C (55 °F) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude, bordering the same ocean. [260] In 2017, approximately 825,000 persons acquired citizenship of an EU28 member state. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. [26] [208] Between 2004 and 2013, more Central and Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to 28 European countries, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. who took the Tanais (the modern Don River) as the boundary. [112] The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 18th century. In some Turkic languages, the originally Persian name Frangistan ("land of the Franks") is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa. [270] While Istanbul has the highest total city population, it lies partly in Asia, making Moscow the largest city entirely in Europe. [156] Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. [60] The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists. ... EU-Länder, in denen der Euro verwendet wird. Meanwhile, the Serbian revolution (1804) and Greek War of Independence (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, which ended with the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913.

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