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They are the background actors of Zionist elements," said Khamenei in his speech. [20][21] Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, and developed close ties with the now powerful Revolutionary Guards which he controls, and whose commanders are elected and dismissed by him. [67][68], Khamenei's health has been called into question. However, Khamenei himself has insisted human rights are a fundamental principle underlying Islamic teachings, that precedes western concern for human rights by many centuries. Khamenei is married to Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh, with whom he has six children; four sons (Mostafa, Mojtaba, Masoud, and Meysam) and two daughters (Boshra and Hoda). [207][214], In March 2020, Khamenei warned against a United States offer of aid to fight the coronavirus disease on the grounds that it could be a way to hurt Iran by further spreading the disease. They [the West] must be answerable [not Islam]. Shortly before his death, Khomeini had a disagreement with the heir he had chosen — Hussein Ali Montazeri — so there was no agreed on successor when Khomeini died. [154] The letters were called a blow to Khamenei's "status as a neutral arbiter and Islamic figurehead"[154] and an "unprecedented challenge to the country's most powerful man"[153] though not a blow to his actual power as leader. [45][46][47][48][49] Some of his ancestors are from Tafresh in today's Markazi Province and migrated from their original home in Tafresh to Khamaneh near the Tabriz. "[61] Dexter Filkins describes Khamenei as presenting himself "as an ascetic, dressing and eating simply". He state that 85 percent of Setad's charitable works take place in poor regions of Iran. According to an official, Khamenei "made clear the demonstrations required a forceful response" and that "rioters should be crushed. Iran Supreme Leader Khamenei hands power to son due to health – report If true, it is unclear if the role is permanent, as it goes against the Iranian constitution's laws regarding succession. [129], The Iranian official website for information regarding its nuclear program has provided numerous instances of public statements by Khamenei wherein he voices his opposition to pursuit and development of nuclear weapons in moral, religious and Islamic juridical terms. Maroufi had compared Khamenei to former Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. He stated that the normalization will be only temporary, but the UAE will forever have to bear the shame regarding the deal. [187] In particular, he singled out Britain, perceiving the country as the "most evil" of its enemies. [246], On Holocaust Memorial Day, 27 January 2016, Khamenei posted a Holocaust denying video on his official website. Spotlight on Press Tyrants: CPJ Names Ten Worst Enemies of the Press. [22][23] Khamenei served as the third President of Iran from 1981 to 1989, while becoming a close ally of the first Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini. In Nasr's view, Khamenei is an "unusual sort of dictator". [242], On 21 March 2014, during a morning speech marking the Persian New Year, Nowruz, Khamenei called into question the Holocaust. Who is Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of Iran’s regime?The Supreme Leaders office manages numerous security, economic, and political institutions. (Iranians are not Arabs, and Iran's official language is Persian.) Since Khamenei was not a marja' at the time—which the Iranian constitution required—he was named as the temporary Supreme Leader. He also advised people and the government to be content and avoid waste in order to solve economic problems. Each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each. "[282][283], Ali Khamenei believes in gender segregation. "[76] But lacking Khomeini's charisma and clerical standing, he has developed personal networks, first inside the armed forces, and then among the clerics, while administering the major bonyads and seminaries of Qom and Mashhad. [83] According to Karim Sadjadpour of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Khamenei has "resisted Rafsanjani's attempts to find a modus vivendi with the United States, Khatami's aspirations for a more democratic Islamic state, and Ahmadinejad's penchant for outright confrontation. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said on Sunday that the US must lift all sanctions against Iran before Tehran returns to the 2015 nuclear deal.. According to him the opposers rejected the proposal because: i) Evidences for Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist were true only for the guardianship of an individual and it was not clear who held the guardianship when there was a council. While a great deal of his address was focused on domestic issues, especially pertaining to production, many international observers focused on what would be said about the current deadlock with the United States on … "[W]e have no problem with Jews and Christians ... we have problem with the usurpers of Palestine land," he added. [266], Among his controversial actions were his rejection of a bill presented by the Iranian parliament in 2000 that aimed to reform the country's press law, and the disqualification of thousands of parliamentary candidates for the 2004 Iranian legislative election by the Guardian Council he appointed. The Assembly of Experts elected Khamenei as the next Supreme Leader on 4 June 1989, at the age of 49. "[234], Khamenei instead proposed that "Palestinian refugees should return and Muslims, Christians and Jews could choose a government for themselves, excluding immigrant Jews," adding "No one will allow a bunch of thugs, lechers and outcasts from London, America and Moscow to rule over the Palestinians. This section contains the latest inquiries about the practical laws of islam answered by the istifta' committee of the supreme leader's office. [188] He said that the Iranian people will respond with an "iron fist" if Western powers meddle in Iran's internal affairs. Several ayatollahs, however, declined to recognize him as such. [217] On 15 December 2000, Khamenei called Israel a "cancerous tumor of a state" that "should be removed from the region"[218][219][220][221] and in 2013 called Israel a "rabid dog",[222] as well as in 2014 during the Gaza war,[223] for what he called attacking innocent people. On the other hand, the supporters of the proposal believed that: i) At the time, there were no Faqih equal to Khomeini or even two or three levels lower than him so that he could fulfill the expectation of people. [83], Khamenei took a firm stand against the 2009–10 Iranian election protests, and stated that he will neither reconsider vote results nor bow to public pressure over the disputed reelection of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. "Ayatollah Khamenei says Iran will back 'any nations, any groups' fighting Israel", "Iran leader urges destruction of 'cancerous' Israel", "Khamenei: Israel will no longer exist in 25 years", "Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years", "Israel's Netanyahu Returns Fire After Iran Supreme Leader's Death Threat", "The best 2015 year sentence of Iranian leader in view of Iranian people was selected", "Iranian leader backs Palestinian liberation from Israel 'tumor, "6th International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Intifada", "Iran's Khamenei: UAE 'disgraced forever' by Israel deal", "Iran's Khamenei questions 'certainty' of Holocaust", "Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei Says Reality of Holocaust is 'Uncertain, "Oops, He Did It Again: Iran's Supreme Leader Questions the Holocaust", "Ayatollah Khamenei During His National Address", "Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei Posts Holocaust Denial Video on Remembrance Day", "Supreme leader of Iran marks Holocaust Memorial Day by publishing Holocaust denying video", "Iranian Leader Khamenei Praises French Holocaust Denier on Twitter", "BBC Mundo | Irán: advertencia con petróleo", "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency", "Iran finally admits it shot and killed 'rioters.' Sayyid Ali Khamenei annually issues message(s) on the occasion of Hajj for all Muslims (pilgrims) in Hajj. "[254], During the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests, thousands of protesters demanded Ayatollah Ali Khamenei's resignation.[255]. [165] In 2016, Khamenei advised Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, his former ally with whom his relationship was strained after Ahmadinejad accused his son Mojtaba Khamenei of embezzling from the state treasury,[166] to not run for president again. "[176][177], On 30 April 2008, Ali Khamenei backed President Ahmadinejad's economic policy and said the West was struggling with more economic difficulties than Iran, with a "crisis" spreading from the United States to Europe, and inflation was a widespread problem. [259] Opposition journalists Ahmad Zeidabadi, Mohsen Sazegara, Mohammad Nourizad and Akbar Ganji were arrested and investigated[260][261][262][263] for spreading critical articles containing unproven charges against Khamenei's policies as the leader and some organizations. He also paralleled these events with Islamic revolution in Iran during his Nowruz oration in 2011. [190], Ali Khamenei has been supportive of scientific progress in Iran. He also said that attaching a high status to scholars and scientists in society would help talents to flourish and science and technology to become domesticated, thus ensuring the country's progress and development. [159] The disagreement was described as centered on Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, a top adviser and close confidant of Ahmadinejad[160] and opponent of "greater involvement of clerics in politics",[161] who was first vice president of Iran until being ordered to resign from the cabinet by the supreme leader. Ayatullah Seyed Ali Khamenei By Azadeh Moaveni, "ادوار نيوز|شکنجه دکتر زیدآبادی غیرقابل انکار است/ توضیحات ادوارنیوز در مورد گزارش کذب صداوسیما", "BBC فارسی – ايران – 'محروم کردن زندانی از درمان پزشکی، شکنجه است, "gooya news :: politics : شکنجه اکبر گنجی در بیمارستان، گزارش سازمان عفو بین الملل", "MIDDLE EAST – Iran journalist jailed for 23 months", "0009.ws | Free Website Hosting with PHP", "Aide to Ahmadinejad sentenced to a year in jail for insulting Khamenei", "Journalist Gets 35 Lashes, Jail For Insulting Ayatollah", False Freedom: Online Censorship in the Middle East and North Africa, Blogger jailed in Iran is dead, lawyer says, Activist sentenced to jail, exile and fine in Iran, Briton among eight jailed in Iran for web insults, Iranian man sentenced to death for 'insulting Islam' through messaging app, "Supreme Leader Backs Conservatives, Angering Parliament Refomers : Ayatollah Kills Effort To Remove Press Curbs", "Introduction to Persian Traditional Music", "Fatwas and ARTs: IVF and Gamete Donation in Sunni v. Shia Islam (Id. Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei gave his annual Nowruz speech yesterday, highlighting the important challenges for the upcoming Persian New Year. [224] In 2014, a tweet from an account attributed to Khamenei, claimed that there was no cure for Israel but its annihilation. Khamenei has been head of the servants of Astan Quds Razavi since 14 April 1979. [90][91] Khamenei meets with foreign dignitaries, however he does not travel overseas; if anyone wishes to see him, that person must travel to Iran. Ahmad Marvi is being designated pursuant to E.O. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei blasts Israel in sermon. (People's Mujahedin of Iran) paramilitary group, and of making dissident writers and intellectuals in Iran "a special target" of repression, among other infractions of human rights. [240] Also, he advised the Islamic countries to refrain from "useless" crises and differences and instead concentrate on the issue of Palestine which he regarded as the core issue of Islam. But it still won't say how many people died in last month's protests", "After protests, Iran's Khamenei demands punishment for those who harm economy", "Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest - 'Do whatever it takes to end it, "Iranians marched in fiery protests to demand Ayatollah Khamenei's resignation after officials shot down a commercial plane", "Iran bans 'underground university,' brands it 'extremist cult. He also revealed plans of gradual sell-off of Setad profitable businesses in the stock market with the aim of transferring their ownership into the hands of Iranian people. a video of Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei recorded in 1989 emerged on social media. To the Western objection to the compulsory hijab in Iran, he responds by pointing out the compulsory unveiling in certain western countries and obstacles created for veiled Muslim women who want to enter universities. [125] as well as elaborating on the factors needed to create Islamic unity, he argues: "neither the Shia Muslims allied with the British MI6 are Shias, nor the Sunni mercenaries of the American CIA are Sunnis, as they are both anti-Islamic. ", Iran leader's call to 'annihilate' Israel sparks fury as nuclear deadline looms, Iran's Khamenei: No Cure for Barbaric Israel but Annihilation, Iran's supreme leader Khamenei tweets reasons to 'eliminate' Israel, "Expressing friendship with the people of Israel [is] false, irrational and absurd", "Iran's Supreme Leader vows 'no retreat' as nuclear talks begin", "The US can learn from this example of mutual respect". If you were to look at the magazines, which are published in the West, you would see that they advertise a commodity for sale next to the naked picture of a woman. [178][179][180][181], As Supreme Leader, Khamenei has influence over elections in Iran since the Constitution of Iran allows him to appoint half of the members of the Guardian Council and the Chief Justice of Iran. Can you imagine a bigger insult to women? "[150] According to The Daily Telegraph, money from Setad is used to fund Khamenei's Beit Rahbari compound, which employs over 500 stewards, as was reported in 2013. [88][89], Khamenei has fired and reinstated Presidential cabinet appointments. The ruling led to a diplomatic crisis between the governments of Iran and several European countries, which lasted until November 1997. Published 4 March 2008, Chairman of Expediency Discernment Council, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 1981 Iranian presidential election, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons, Timeline of the 2009 Iranian election protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests, An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran, Iqbal, the Poet-Philosopher of Islamic Resurgence, Motto of years in Islamic Republic of Iran, "توضیحات مجلس خبرگان درباره جلسه انتخاب آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به عنوان رهبر در سال 68/ آیت‌الله گلپایگانی فقط 14 رای داشت", "letter to Hashemi Rafsanjani and resignation from presidency", "چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول", "A photo of Identity document of Ayatollah Khamenei", https://farsi.khamenei.ir/photo-album?id=8799, روایتی از تاریخ دقیق تولد رهبر انقلاب از زبان معظم‌له+عکس, "taking look at the biography of Ali Khamenei", "Khamenei Will Be Iran's Last Supreme Leader", "Tehran Politics: Are the Mullahs Losing Their Grip? [81] He was permanently injured, losing the use of his right arm.[76]. He has attacked Western powers who have criticized the rights record of the Islamic Republic for hypocrisy saying that these countries economically oppress people in Third World countries and support despots and dictators. [112][113], In his speeches Khamenei regularly mentions many familiar themes of the 1979 revolution: justice, independence, self-sufficiency, Islamic government and resolute opposition to Israel and United States, while rarely mentioning other revolutionary ideals such as democracy and greater government transparency. In 2016, Khamenei, who outlines the elections guidelines "in line with Article 110 of Iran's Constitution", asked to maximize the amount of transparency in elections in Iran, using modern technologies. [61] Reuters "found no evidence that Khamenei is tapping Setad to enrich himself," but did find that he used Setad's funds, which "rival the holdings of the shah", for political expedience – "Setad gives him the financial means to operate independently of parliament and the national budget, insulating him from Iran's messy factional infighting. [269], In 2005, an Iranian was jailed for two years for insulting Khamenei and Imam Khomeini while being cleared of insulting the prophet. [94], Ebrahim Amini listed the summary of reasons presented by the two sides. [25][26] He is the head of state of Iran, the commander-in-chief of its armed forces, and can issue decrees and make the final decisions on the main policies of the government in many fields such as economy, the environment, foreign policy, and national planning in Iran. The draft bill is not legitimate and in the interests of the system and the revolution. [185] "By Allah's favor, the presidential election was accurately held, and the current matters should be pursued legally. [195], Khamenei condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and called Myanmar's de facto leader and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung Sang Suu Kyi a "brutal woman". [273], In 2017, Sina Dehghan was sentenced to death for insulting the prophet, with an additional 16-month sentence for insulting Khamenei in a messaging application.[274]. [153], According to The New York Times reporting in mid-August 2009, a "prominent Iranian cleric and a former lawmaker said on Sunday that they had spoken to some of the authors and had no doubt the letter was genuine". [203], In June 2011, Khamenei accused the United States government of terrorism and rejected the American definition of terrorism; he was quoted as saying, "The U.S. and the European governments that follow it describe Palestinian combatant groups who fight for the liberation of their land as terrorists. Khamenei is the longest serving head of state in the Middle East, as well as the second-longest serving Iranian leader of the last century, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. ii) In case of council of leaders, the members could compensate each other, if any of them had some shortage in a field.[94]. [156][162] Ahmadinejad declined to officially back Moslehi's reinstatement for two weeks and in protest engaged in an "11-day walkout" of cabinet meetings, religious ceremonies, and other official functions. [83] According to the Iran Chamber, vigorous opposition to the government, including nonviolent and violent protest, assassinations, guerrilla activity and insurrections, was answered by state repression and terror in the early 1980s, both before and during Khamenei's presidency. [257] According to a letter from the Chairman of the Command Headquarters of the Armed Forces in Iran addressed to the Ministry of Information, the Revolutionary Guard, and the Police Force, Khamenei has also ordered the Command Headquarters to identify people who adhere to the Baháʼí Faith and to monitor their activities and gather any and all information about the members of the Baháʼí Faith. [11], In the field of music, he is known to have a good singing voice and plays the tar, a traditional Iranian stringed instrument.[294]. Dispute regarding status as Grand Ayatollah, Challenges following 2009 election protest, Relations with former President Ahmadinejad, Presidential, parliamentary, and Assembly of Experts elections, Comments about United States and its foreign policy, Human rights, freedoms, protests, Islamic law. "The History of Palestine and Its Occupation", Tehran Friday prayer sermons, 18 December 1999. Khamenei was a key figure in the Iranian Revolution in Iran and a close confidant of Ruhollah Khomeini. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei meets with organizers of events to mark the first anniversary of the killing of Iran's top commander Qassem Soleimani, in Tehran, Iran December 16, 2020. [76], In its 10 April 1997 ruling regarding the Mykonos restaurant assassinations, the German court issued an international arrest warrant for Iranian intelligence minister Ali Fallahian[85] after declaring that the assassination had been ordered by him with knowledge of Khamenei and Rafsanjani. Iran's supreme leader said Sunday that all U.S. sanctions must be lifted before Tehran will return to its commitment under the 2015 nuclear deal. In the video (drawing on the March 2014 speech),[247] lasting about three minutes, the video features images of Holocaust deniers Roger Garaudy, Robert Faurisson, and David Irving. On 21 March 2009, a day after US President Barack Obama advocated a "new beginning" in diplomatic relations between the two countries, Khamenei said a change of US "words" was not enough and added: "We will watch and we will judge (the new US administration) ... You change, our behavior will change." Mukhber also cited a sum total grant of 2.21 trillion rials of Qard al-Hasan, interest-free loans, to 41 thousands families in poor regions of the country. Meanwhile, a tape recorder accompanied with papers was put on the desk in front of Khamenei by a young man who pressed a button. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei welcomed the Iranian New Year as one of "production, support and removal of barriers" in a live televised speech on Saturday. Khamenei ordered a review of the sentence against Aghajari and it was later commuted to a prison sentence. [198] According to study by Karim Sadjadpour, speeches by Khamenei regularly mention the principle of resolute opposition to the United States;[83] and according to Karim Sadjadpour he has "resisted Rafsanjani's attempts to find a modus vivendi with the United States",[83] and once told reformist president Mohammad Khatami that "we need the United States as an enemy".[65]. It is banned in Iran and several other countries. [39][40][268], In 1996, Abbas Maroufi was sentenced to 35 lashes and 6 months imprisonment for spreading lies and insulting Khamenei. "[172], In 2007, Khamenei requested that government officials speed up Iran's move towards economic privatization. The table below lists some of the incumbent senior officeholders in Iran directly appointed by the supreme leader (sorted by date of appointment): In 2010, Khamenei issued a fatwa which bans any insult to the Sahabah (companions of Muhammad) as well as Muhammad's wives. It has the trappings of a republican system while maintaining the absolute rule of an elite revolutionary Islamic council. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei has vowed revenge after the killing of the country's chief nuclear scientist, as top officials pile blame on Israel. [65] He has the power to appoint ministers, ambassadors, governors once approved by the parliament. "[65], After the 11 September attacks, Khamenei condemned the act and the attackers and called for a condemnation of terrorist activities all over the world, but warned strongly against a military intervention in Afghanistan. He believes that hijab is aimed at honoring women. [231], Nevertheless, according to anti-regime change activist Abbas Edalat, in 2005 Khamenei responded to a remark by then-President Ahmadinejad which had been widely translated as saying that the "regime occupying Jerusalem should be wiped off the map" by saying that "the Islamic Republic has never threatened and will never threaten any country. [158] However, as early as January 2008 signs of disagreement between the two men developed over domestic policies,[155] and by the period of 2010–11 several sources detected a "growing rift" between them. [205], In October 2014, Khamenei said the U.S. and the U.K. created ISIS as a tool to fight Iran and "create insecurity" in the region. [253], During the 2019–2020 Iranian protests, Khamenei met with various officials and cabinet members, saying "he would hold the assembled officials responsible for the consequences of the protests if they didn’t immediately stop them." Khamenei, Ali. vLex: VLEX-418643)", "Stem Cell Research Is Consistent With Shiite Islam", "انتقاد رهبر ایران از تلاش برای تغییر قوانین زنان", "Iran's Ayatollah: West Abuses Women, Islam Honors Them", "بیانات در دیدار دانشجویان دانشگاه‌های استان یزد (Address to the Students of Universities in Yazd Province)", "Backlash: Gender Segregation in Iranian Universities", "Iran's Supreme Leader claims gender equality is 'Zionist plot' aiming to corrupt role of women in society", "بيانات رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامى در ديدار گروه كثيرى از زنان نخبه در آستانهى سالروز ميلاد حضرت زهراى اطهر (سلاماللَّهعليها)", "Ayatollah Khamenei and the Destruction of Israel", "Ayatollah Khamenei reveals himself as an '#AvidReader' of fiction", "Iran's Khamenei praises Egyptian protesters, declares 'Islamic awakening, "The Charter of Freedom || Imam Reza (A.S.) Network", Official English-language Twitter account, Ali Khamenei gallery in Khamenei's website, Ali Khamenei collected news and commentary, "Ali Khamenei collected news and commentary". A pious mujtahid (jurist-intellectual), who is approved by the esteemed Assembly of Experts (Majlis-i Khobregan), will suffice. This was different in "both style and substance" to the fatwa on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) by Gad El-Hak Ali Gad El-Hak of Egypt's Al-Azhar University in the late 1980s which permitted ART (IVF and similar technologies) as long there is no third-party donation (of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses). [159][162] Ahmadinejad's actions led to angry public attacks by clerics, parliamentarians and military commanders, who accused him of ignoring orders from the supreme leader. [59][60] He has two brothers, Mohammad Khamenei and Hadi Khamenei. [65] Former cleric Mehdi Khalaji[65] and Saeid Golkar,[106] describe Khamenei's system as having creating a "parallel structure" for each of the country's institutions (army, intelligence agencies, etc.) [84], Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, and developed close ties with the now-powerful Revolutionary Guards. "[243][244][245] The Anti-Defamation League accused Khamenei in March 2014 of making statements of explicit Holocaust denial. Deputy Minister of National Defence for Revolutionary Affairs, Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces, Khamenei's 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches, Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation, Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures, International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Khamenei&oldid=1015449000, Central Council of the Islamic Republican Party members, Council of the Islamic Revolution members, Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr, Iranian Azerbaijani grand ayatollahs and clerics, Iranian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions, Iranian politicians with physical disabilities, Islamic Republican Party secretaries-general, Members of the 1st Islamic Consultative Assembly, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from February 2013, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with dead external links from March 2021, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 April 2021, at 15:10.

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